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● The tackling of youth unemplyoment and the European Employment Strategy. A
Story of Success?
Dissertationsprojekt:
Christian Brzinsky-Fay
Young people are facing increasing problems during their transition between
initial education and working life. First, in times of persisting unemployment
the chance to find a reasonable and stable job are low in general. Second,
because of labour market asymmetries, like lack of information or lower
productivity, young people are by definition in a disadvantaged starting
position. Third, the transitions from school to work become more complex and
prolonged in most European countries.
These problems of young people vary strongly across countries, which not only
can be shown by very different levels of youth unemployment. The differences are
not only depending on the general economic situation, but above all on the
particular institutional setting. In this context, the dual system often is
taken as a shining example for integrating a very high share of young people
into the labour market in a sustainable way. However, in terms of social
exclusion the performance of the dual system seems to be worse, which makes "repairing
policies" even in this case necessary.
Active labour market policies in general are strongly connected to both,
institutional setting and empirical outcomes (transitions, risks) on the youth
labour market. In other words: youth policies modify outcomes of educational
respectively training institutions. To analyse the effects of youth transition
regimes it is necessary to look at the interaction of policies and institutions.
Here we have a fundamental gap in research.
In this context the main questions are:
• How strong are policies determined by institutional settings?
• What makes a policy transferable to other institutions?
Youth unemployment has played a significant role from the very beginning of
the Luxemburg process, although its weight was considerably reduced in the 2003
guidelines. However, it can be assumed that youth policies in some countries at
least were induced by the European level.
Here the following questions should be answered:
• On the national level, are there changes in policy making observable?
• If so, can these changes be traced to the European Employment Strategy? In
other words: Can you talk of policy learning and/or policy transfer
within the EU?
• Did interventions or reforms affect only policies or even institutions?
• Are there processes of convergence respectively divergence observable?
Policies on the member states level regarding youth labour market usually
include a couple of actors. In the field of initial vocational education social
partners play an important role. For example, the dual system in Germany is
based on very formalised agreements of employers, trade unions and the state,
and is, therefore, an paradigm for transitional labour markets. Nevertheless,
the discussion about the future of the dual system is focused on the fact that
firms do not offer enough training places to young people, which puts attention
to the demand side of the youth labour market.
• Are there (successful) policies to motivate firms to offer more
training places?
• If not, how could it be managed to fit the interests of firms in different
employment regimes?
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